![]() frutescens essential oil, perillaldehyde and carvone, showed significant contact activities against T. In this study, we found that two major components of P. Thus, identification of the insecticidal ingredients in this essential oil could yield useful compounds. frutescens essential oil and its major component perillaldehyde exhibits outstanding insecticidal activity against Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) and Lasioderma serricorne (Fabricius) (You et al., 2014, Park et al., 2016). frutescens has been documented since ancient times, for instance, it is recorded in the book “Agricultural Treatise” of Wang Zhen that this plant can protect grains from pests (Wang, 1956). For more than 2000 years, it has been used in China as a traditional medicine (Ahmed, 2019). Perilla frutescens is an annual herb that is widely dispersed throughout Asia (Chen et al., 2022). from the Lamiaceae family displayed promising contact activity against T. In our search for novel plant-derived insecticides, we found that essential oil of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. Within this family, essential oils of peppermint ( Mentha × piperita L.) and rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis L.) are used in registered commercial formulations aimed at managing pests, including moths, gnats, mosquitoes and flies, wasps and more (Regnault-Roger et al., 2012). Among them, Lamiaceae has the greatest number of species that have been investigated for botanical insecticides, with 181 species accounting for 28 % of the plant families (Boulogne et al., 2012, Amoabeng et al., 2019). Essential oils have been proved in various species of Rutaceae, Lamiaceae, Compositae, Euphorbiaceae, and Lauraceae (Gaire et al., 2019, Zhang et al., 2022). Essential oils are secondary metabolites derived from aromatic plants that have emerged as promising alternatives to synthetic insecticides. ![]() Plant natural products are promising candidates for protecting stored products from pests due to their efficient insecticidal activity, easy degradation, and low toxicity to both animals and the environment (Aboelhadid and Youssef, 2021). However, extensive use of synthetic insecticides can lead to the buildup of pesticide residues, which are harmful to both the environment and human health (Wagner et al., 2021). Insects in stored products are primarily controlled by synthetic insecticides (Zhang et al., 2021). castaneum damages stored products and increases the temperature and humidity of the stored products, which creates favorable conditions for the growth of bacteria and fungi (Mattos et al., 2021). Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae), the red flour beetle, found worldwide, is one of the most destructive storage pests and a vital model organism in research (Guo et al., 2019). Furthermore, the prevalence of insects and their remains in stored products is a major threat to human and livestock health (Lemic et al., 2019). ![]() Insect pests can cause huge postharvest losses of stored products, ranging from 30 % to 40 % (Bezabih et al., 2022). These findings provide a basis for the development of novel natural insecticides for the control of storage pests. Three cytochrome P450 genes ( CYP6BQ11, CYP6BQ7, and CYP6BK5) in phase I and two multidrug resistance protein genes ( MRP4a and MRPX4) in phase III of the detoxification process may play essential roles. The results of the RNA-Seq and qRT-PCR analyses suggested that the synergistic effect could be attributed to a reduced capacity for detoxification and elimination of xenobiotics. castaneum, and a 1:4 ( v: v) mixture exhibited an intense cocktail effect by dramatically reducing the LD 50 to 2.73 μg/adult. All nine tested formulas displayed synergistic effects against T. Synergistic interactions between perillaldehyde and R-(-)-carvone were evaluated using Wadley's model. Of these compounds, perillaldehyde (LD 50 = 7.71 μg/adult) and R-(-)-carvone (LD 50 = 10.93 μg/adult) displayed the most significant contact activities against T. Contact toxicity was assessed by topical application under room temperature, and the insects were reared in a dark incubator for 24 h at approximately 30 ☌ and 75 % humidity. The following major compounds were identified: perillaldehyde, (R)-(-)-carvone, 2-furyl methyl ketone, d-limonene, and β-caryophyllene. ![]() A total of 38 constituents were identified from the three essential oils by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) according to the mass spectra and retention index values, and the relative contents of the individual components were determined by the peak normalization method. castaneum, as well as to investigate the optimal formula of active constituents and their synergistic mechanism. essential oils from three localities against T. The objective of the current study was to search for active constituents of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) is one of the most harmful insects in stored products. ![]()
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